- Other than what is found in a few church records and legal documents and in a few contemporary documents such as playgoers' diaries, most evidence of Shakespeare's life is circumstantial. Very little is known for certain.a
- More than 80 spelling variations are recorded for Shakespeare's name, from “Shappere” to “Shaxberd.”a
 |  | | | One of the three signatures on Shakespeare's will, spelled "William Shakspeare" | | | - In the few signatures that have survived, Shakespeare spelled his name “Willm Shaksp,” “William Shakespe,” “Wm Shakspe,” “William Shakspere,” ”Willm Shakspere,” and “William Shakspeare”--but never “William Shakespeare.”a
|  | | | William Shakespeare's birthplace, Stratford-upon-Avon | | | - Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, just three days before the Stratford parish register recorded an outbreak of the plague.e
- By tradition, it is generally supposed that Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564. April 23 is Saint George's Day, the national day of England, and the same date as Shakespeare's death in 1616 at the age of 52.d
- Shakespeare was born under the old Julian calendar, not the current Gregorian calendar that was created in 1582 and adopted in England in 1751. What was April 23 during Shakespeare's life would be May 3 on today's calendar.a
- Shakespeare's father, John, was a glover and leather-worker who rose through a series of positions of authority until, in 1568, he became high bailiff, the highest elective office in Stratford.b
- In the 1570s, John Shakespeare was prosecuted (or threatened with prosecution) four times for the illegal activities of trading in wool and money-lending.b
- A document from 1576 mentions Shakespeare's father, “John Shappere alias Shakespere of Stratford upon Haven,” and accuses him of usury. Shortly afterward, John Shakespeare retired from public life.a
- In November 1582, Shakespeare applied for a license to marry Anne Whateley. “Anne Whateley” could be a scribal error for Anne Hathaway, whom he married on or about November 30. She was three months pregnant at the time.d
- Because Anne Hathaway Shakespeare's tombstone states she was 67 when she died in 1623, it is generally believed that she was eight years older than her husband. However, the figures 1 and 7 are easily confused--so she might have been 61, only two years older than William.e
- William and Anne Shakespeare had three children. Susanna was christened in May 1583, and the twins Judith and Hamnet in February 1585.f
- There is no evidence for what Shakespeare did between 1585 and 1592, the period when he moved to London and began his writing career. Thus, there is no record of how his career began or how quickly he rose to fame.a
- Shakespeare is listed as an actor on documents from 1592, 1598, 1603, and 1608. It is supposed that he played mostly unassuming parts, such as the ghost in Hamlet, to allow him more time to write.a
- A diary entry by Phillip Henslowe records a performance of a play called “harey VI” at Henslowe's Rose theater in March 1592. Many scholars believe this is a reference to Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 1. However, there is no other record of Shakespeare being involved with Henslowe's company, so the reference cannot be confirmed.d
- The first definite reference to Shakespeare as a playwright is in a pamphlet by Robert Greene, who wrote, “There is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes fac totum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.” “Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide” is an allusion to a line from Henry VI, Part 3.f
- Although Shakespeare is usually considered an Elizabethan playwright, much of his greatest work was produced after James I took the throne. Thus, Shakespeare could be more accurately considered Jacobean.a
- Many of Shakespeare's plays are based on others' earlier plays, histories, and poems. This was common practice at that time.d
- By 1597, Shakespeare's company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, leased the Theatre. The owner was reluctant to renew the lease. On December 28, 1598, the Lord Chamberlain's Men and about a dozen workers dismantled the Theatre and rebuilt it across the Thames. The new theater became known as the New Globe.b
- In Shakespeare's time, theaters had no curtain and used little or no scenery. Playwrights described the setting within the text of the performance.a
- Elizabethan theatergoers could purchase apples and pears to eat during the show. These snacks were often thrown at the actors by dissatisfied members of the audience.a
- In February 1599, the land for the Globe was leased to Cuthbert and Richard Burbage as well as five other members of the troupe, including Shakespeare, for 31 years. Shakespeare's share of the lease varied over the years, from one fourteenth to one tenth.a
- The Globe burned to the ground on June 29, 1613, set fire by a cannon shot during a performance of Shakespeare's Henry VIII.d
- In 1603, Shakespeare's company became the official player for King James I and renamed themselves The King's Men.f
- In 1608, The King's Men opened the Blackfriar's Theatre, the template on which all later indoor theaters are based.a
- On May 20, 1609, Thomas Thorpe published Shakespeare's sonnets in a quarto volume, apparently without the poet's permission.b
- Almost nothing is known about when the 154 sonnets were written, to whom they were addressed, or whether they are assembled in the correct order.b
- Sonnets are typically love poems, but Shakespeare's are often self-loathing, bitter, and even homoerotic.a
|  | | | Many of Shakespeare's sonnets are love poems addressed to a beautiful young man, suggesting the poet's bisexuality | | | - Based on textual evidence in the sonnets and some plays, some believe that Shakespeare was bisexual.b
- A leading contender for the beautiful Young Man referred to as a lover in the sonnets is the effeminate youth Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of Southampton and Baron of Titchfield, to whom Shakespeare dedicated his narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece.b
- Shakespeare's sexuality cannot be proven either way, but Wriothesley's can. An observer wrote that Wriothesley shared quarters with a fellow officer whom he would “hug in his arms and play wantonly with.”a
- Although the publishers of Shakespeare's first folio claimed that the playwright rarely revised his work, three manuscript pages of the unperformed play, The Life of Sir Thomas More, a collaboration between several authors, are believed to be written in Shakespeare's hand and show that he did, indeed, revise.b
- Shakespeare's works contain first-ever recordings of 2,035 English words, including critical, frugal, excellent, barefaced, assassination, and countless.a
- Countless excellent phrases, now commonly used, occur first in Shakespeare, including one fell swoop, vanish into thin air, play fast and loose, be in a pickle, foul play, tower of strength, flesh and blood, be cruel to be kind, and with bated breath.a
- According to the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, Shakespeare wrote about one-tenth of the most quotable quotations ever written or spoken in English.a
- In March, 1616, Shakespeare revised his will. His signatures are shaky, suggesting that he was not well.b
- Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616. In his will, he left most of his real estate to his daughter Susanna. A statement was inserted between the lines in the will, which said: "I gyve unto my wief my second best bed with the furniture." The "furniture" was the bedclothes for the bed. This is all he left his wife in his will, and the only time she was mentioned.b
- Shakespeare is buried near the altar of Holy Trinity Church, where he was baptized, in Stratford-upon Avon. The slabstone over his tomb includes the following inscription, believed to have been written by Shakespeare himself:
Good friend, for Jesus' sake forebeare
To digg the dust enclosed heare;
Bleste be the man that spares thes stones,
And curst be he that moves my bones. f - The full inventory of Shakespeare's possessions, which would have listed his books and other historically important information, was probably sent to London, where such records were kept at the time. It was most likely destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.a
- The First Folio, the primary source for most of Shakespeare's plays, was published by the last of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, John Heminges and Henry Condell, in August 1623. It is the only source for 18 of Shakespeare's plays, which would otherwise be lost.d
- All or part of 300 original First Folios still survive.a
- Prior to the First Folio, many of the plays were published in cheap quarto editions. Of the 21 that remain, 12 are considered good copies of the originals, and nine are considered bad, meaning they appear to have been produced from memory.a
- Hamlet survives in three versions: a bad 1603 quarto of 2,200 lines, a better 1604 quarto of 3,800 lines, and the First Folio edition of 1623 with 3,570 lines. Some scholars believe that the bad quarto is most likely the one closest to the play that was performed.a
- King Lear survives in two copies. The quarto edition includes 300 lines and a whole scene that do not appear in the First Folio. The two versions give important speeches to different characters, altering the nature of three key characters. The endings are also significantly different.b
- It is thought that King Lear might have been rewritten for an indoor stage when the King's Men moved in to Blackfriar's Theatre.f
|  | | | Shakespeare's engraving from the First Folio, 1623 | | | - Second, Third, and Fourth Folios were also produced. The Third Folio included six plays that Shakespeare almost certainly did not write (although he might have contributed to at least two of them), but was the first to include his Pericles.a
- Some commentators claim that Shakespeare did not write his plays. About 50 candidates have been suggested as having written his plays. However, there is more evidence that Shakespeare wrote his own work than there is that he did not.d
- Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford, is a leading candidate in the theories about who really wrote Shakespeare's plays. Sometimes called “spear-shaker,” de Vere died in 1604, before many of Shakespeare's plays were produced. Because de Vere led a rival theater company, scholars who support Shakespeare's authorship consider it unlikely that de Vere would have given his best work to the Lord Chamberlain's Men and the King's Men.d
- Sir Francis Bacon, another leading contender, left behind a large volume of writing. His style and word usage is significantly different than Shakespeare's, and his poetry is considered much more stilted.a
- Even if Shakespeare wrote his own work, he did not always write alone. As many as a dozen of his later plays are believed to have been collaborations with other authorsf--including The Two Noble Kinsman, known to be written with John Fletcher, Timon of Athens with Thomas Middletonf, and Pericles with George Wilkins.d
- Shakespeare's son, Hamnet, died in 1596. His daughter Susanna died in 1649. His younger daughter Judith had three children, but all died before their mother and without children. His granddaughter Elizabeth, daughter of Susanna, died childless in 1670, ending the William Shakespeare line.a
-- Posted January 11, 2009 |
